Causes and Risk Factors of Schizophrenia

1. Biological Factors

• Genetic predisposition: Having a close relative with schizophrenia significantly increases risk, though genes are not the sole determinant.
• Neurochemical imbalance: Dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate disrupts perception of reality, leading to hallucinations and delusions.
• Brain structure and function: MRI studies show reduced hippocampal and temporal lobe volumes, linked to memory deficits and hallucinations. Prefrontal cortex abnormalities affect organisation of thought, attention, and decision-making.
• Prenatal and early development: Maternal infections, malnutrition, or birth complications may impair brain development and increase vulnerability.

2. Psychological Factors

• Personality traits: High sensitivity, rigid thinking, or poor stress tolerance may predispose individuals to psychotic symptoms under pressure.
• Early trauma: Childhood abuse, neglect, or loss of key attachment figures can alter emotional and cognitive systems, raising risk.
• Stress and coping: Ineffective coping strategies, such as avoidance or emotional suppression, increase likelihood of acute episodes under stress.

3. Social Factors

• Major life events: Bereavement, unemployment, divorce, or financial hardship can trigger onset.
• Social isolation: Lack of supportive networks or prolonged loneliness heightens vulnerability.
• Cultural stigma: In societies where mental illness is stigmatised, patients may delay treatment, worsening outcomes.