Understanding the Symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are two distinct neurodevelopmental conditions. When they occur together—a situation known as comorbidity—children often face more complex challenges in learning, behavior, and emotional regulation. They may also be more vulnerable to peer rejection, social difficulties, and heightened anxiety.

Key Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

• Repetitive behaviors such as rocking, hand‑flapping, or other stereotyped movements

• Sensory sensitivities to sounds, lights, or textures

• Difficulty adapting to changes in environment or routine

• Social interaction challenges, including limited eye contact, preference for solitude, and difficulty expressing needs or emotions

• Echolalia, or repeating words and phrases, instead of spontaneous communication

Key Symptoms of Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Short attention span and frequent distractibility

• Forgetfulness and tendency to misplace items

• Weak executive functioning, leading to disorganization and incomplete tasks

• Hyperactivity and impulsivity, such as restlessness, interrupting conversations, or acting without thinking

• Careless mistakes due to overlooking details

When ASD and ADHD Occur Together

In cases of ASD and ADHD comorbidity, symptoms may overlap and intensify. This combination can significantly increase difficulties in social interaction, academic performance, and emotional regulation, making early recognition and support especially important.

Importance of Early Assessment and Intervention

If a child shows signs of ASD, ADHD, or both, it is essential to seek early, comprehensive professional evaluation. Evidence‑based interventions may include:

• Behavioral therapy to improve self‑regulation and reduce disruptive behaviors

• Social skills training to strengthen communication and peer relationships

• Parent education to equip families with effective support strategies

• School‑based support to adapt learning environments and reduce stressors

• Medication, when clinically indicated, under psychiatric supervision

A multidisciplinary approach—combining psychiatric care, family involvement, school collaboration, and community resources—provides the best opportunity to support a child’s mental health, social development, and long‑term wellbeing.

Interview with Dr Ho Nga Lei Lily, Specialist in Psychiatry

Published on Creating a Brighter Horizon for Children with ASD  "Understanding the Symptoms of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)"

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