Comorbidity in Children: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are distinct neurodevelopmental conditions. Yet, research shows that 50–70% of children with ASD also present with ADHD symptoms, a phenomenon known as comorbidity. While the exact mechanisms behind this overlap are not fully understood, it is widely believed to be related to differences in brain structure and imbalances in neurotransmitters.

The core features of ASD usually emerge between ages two and three, often including reduced eye contact, difficulties in social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. In contrast, ADHD symptoms typically become more apparent around ages five to six, with challenges such as inattention, poor executive functioning, restlessness, and impulsivity. When ASD and ADHD occur together, children often face greater difficulties in social communication, more pronounced learning and behavioral challenges, and an increased risk of peer rejection, bullying, anxiety, and negative emotions.

To support children with both ASD and ADHD, early, comprehensive, and individualized assessment is strongly recommended. Effective interventions may include behavioral therapy, social skills training, parent education, and coordination with school resources. Where appropriate, medication prescribed by a physician can help regulate neurotransmitter function and improve attention and self‑control.

Through a multidisciplinary approach—integrating medical, psychological, and educational resources, while strengthening family and community support—children with comorbid ASD and ADHD can achieve better emotional well‑being, improved learning outcomes, and enhanced quality of life.

Interview with Dr Ho Nga Lei Lily, Specialist in Psychiatry

Published on Creating a Brighter Horizon for Children with ASD  "Comorbidity in Focus: Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention‑Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)"

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